Project name: 1K62

Status: done

submitted: 2018-02-20 13:21:20, status changed: 2018-02-20 13:41:34
Settings
Chain sequence(s) A: GAVDPIMEKFNASIAYDRHLWEVDVQGSKAYSRGLEKAGLLTKAEMDQILHGLDKVAEEWAQGTFKLNSNDEDIHTANERRLKELIGATAGKLHTGRSRNDQVVTDLRLWMRQTCSTLSGLLWELIRTMVDRAEAERDVLFPGYTHLQRAQPIRWSHWILSHAVALTRDSERLLEVRKRINVLPLGSGAIAGNPLGVDRELLRAELNFGAITLNSMDATSERDFVAEFLFWRSLCMTHLSRMAEDLILYCTKEFSFVQLSDAYSTGSSLMPRKKNPDSLELIRSKAGRVFGRCAGLLMTLKGLPSTYNKDLQEDKEAVFEVSDTMSAVLQVATGVISTLQIHQENMGQALSPDMLATDLAYYLVRKGMPFRQAHEASGKAVFMAETKGVALNQLSLQELQTISPLFSGDVICVWDYRHSVEQYGALGGTARSSVDWQIRQVRALLQAQQA
B: GKLWGGRFVGAVDPIMEKFNASIAYDRHLWEVDVQGSKAYSRGLEKAGLLTKAEMDQILHGLDKVAEEWAQGTFKLNSNDEDIHTANERRLKELIGATAGKLHTGRSRNDQVVTDLRLWMRQTCSTLSGLLWELIRTMVDRAEAERDVLFPGYTHLQRAQPIRWSHWILSHAVALTRDSERLLEVRKRINVLPLGSGAIAGNPLGVDRELLRAELNFGAITLNSMDATSERDFVAEFLFWRSLCMTHLSRMAEDLILYCTKEFSFVQLSDAYSTGSSLMPRKKNPDSLELIRSKAGRVFGRCAGLLMTLKGLPSTYNKDLQEDKEAVFEVSDTMSAVLQVATGVISTLQIHQENMGQALSPDMLATDLAYYLVRKGMPFRQAHEASGKAVFMAETKGVALNQLSLQELQTISPLFSGDVICVWDYRHSVEQYGALGGTARSSVDWQIRQVRALLQAQQA
Distance of aggregation 10 Å
Dynamic mode No
Show buried residues

Minimal score value
-3.6509
Maximal score value
2.0224
Average score
-0.7472
Total score value
-679.2417

The table below lists A3D score for protein residues. Residues with A3D score > 0.0000 are marked by yellow rows.

residue index residue name chain Aggrescan3D score mutation
residue index residue name chain Aggrescan3D score
mutation
15 G A -0.1051
16 A A 0.4979
17 V A 1.1828
18 D A 0.0326
19 P A -0.1357
20 I A 0.9772
21 M A 0.7898
22 E A -1.4597
23 K A -1.3882
24 F A 0.9087
25 N A -0.7887
26 A A -0.9029
27 S A 0.0000
28 I A -0.8971
29 A A -0.4799
30 Y A -0.4371
31 D A 0.0000
32 R A -1.0525
33 H A -1.2468
34 L A 0.0000
35 W A -0.6695
36 E A -1.2749
37 V A 0.0000
38 D A 0.0000
39 V A 0.0000
40 Q A -1.3249
41 G A 0.0000
42 S A 0.0000
43 K A -1.4963
44 A A 0.0000
45 Y A 0.0000
46 S A 0.0000
47 R A -2.0736
48 G A 0.0000
49 L A 0.0000
50 E A -2.0361
51 K A -2.6497
52 A A -1.4020
53 G A -1.2014
54 L A -0.6469
55 L A 0.0000
56 T A -1.5706
57 K A -2.6059
58 A A -1.5318
59 E A -1.6121
60 M A -2.1327
61 D A -2.3426
62 Q A -2.0273
63 I A 0.0000
64 L A 0.0000
65 H A -2.4898
66 G A 0.0000
67 L A 0.0000
68 D A -3.5623
69 K A -3.1350
70 V A 0.0000
71 A A -2.3084
72 E A -3.2161
73 E A -2.3000
74 W A -1.6372
75 A A -1.4831
76 Q A -1.8664
77 G A -1.5341
78 T A -1.2297
79 F A -1.3795
80 K A -1.8184
81 L A -1.4110
82 N A -2.3065
83 S A -1.7444
84 N A -2.1625
85 D A 0.0000
86 E A -2.6559
87 D A -1.2720
88 I A 0.0000
89 H A 0.0000
90 T A -1.2046
91 A A 0.0000
92 N A 0.0000
93 E A -1.4066
94 R A -2.1479
95 R A -2.3912
96 L A 0.0000
97 K A -2.4312
98 E A -2.5717
99 L A -1.4254
100 I A -0.8988
101 G A -1.1757
102 A A -0.8262
103 T A -0.7189
104 A A 0.0000
105 G A -1.1993
106 K A -1.0655
107 L A 0.0000
108 H A -0.7551
109 T A -0.3958
110 G A -0.2488
111 R A 0.0000
112 S A -0.2882
113 R A -0.6931
114 N A -0.1019
115 D A 0.0000
116 Q A 0.0000
117 V A -0.1217
118 V A 0.0000
119 T A 0.0000
120 D A 0.0000
121 L A 0.0000
122 R A 0.0000
123 L A 0.0000
124 W A -0.4162
125 M A 0.0000
126 R A -1.2651
127 Q A -1.0744
128 T A -0.8203
129 C A 0.0000
130 S A -0.5781
131 T A -0.3592
132 L A 0.0000
133 S A 0.0000
134 G A -0.5991
135 L A -0.7961
136 L A 0.0000
137 W A -1.4408
138 E A -2.4846
139 L A 0.0000
140 I A 0.0000
141 R A -3.2632
142 T A -2.1007
143 M A 0.0000
144 V A 0.0000
145 D A -3.1374
146 R A -2.0483
147 A A 0.0000
148 E A -3.0308
149 A A -1.8333
150 E A -1.9317
151 R A -2.8630
152 D A -3.0188
153 V A -1.6615
154 L A -1.1233
155 F A 0.0000
156 P A 0.0000
157 G A 0.0098
158 Y A 0.0536
159 T A -0.1455
160 H A -0.7013
161 L A -0.0826
162 Q A 0.0000
163 R A -0.7121
164 A A -0.2371
165 Q A -0.2520
166 P A 0.0000
167 I A -0.1763
168 R A 0.0000
169 W A 0.0000
170 S A 0.0000
171 H A -0.9591
172 W A 0.0000
173 I A 0.0000
174 L A 0.0000
175 S A -0.2432
176 H A -0.4059
177 A A 0.0000
178 V A -0.0504
179 A A -0.3044
180 L A 0.0000
181 T A 0.0000
182 R A -2.0621
183 D A 0.0000
184 S A 0.0000
185 E A -2.8755
186 R A -2.6372
187 L A 0.0000
188 L A -2.3857
189 E A -3.1040
190 V A 0.0000
191 R A -2.6401
192 K A -3.0678
193 R A -2.7856
194 I A 0.0000
195 N A -1.5788
196 V A -0.4889
197 L A 0.0000
198 P A 0.0000
199 L A 0.0000
200 G A 0.0000
201 S A 0.0000
202 G A 0.0000
203 A A 0.6258
204 I A 1.2935
205 A A 0.4900
206 G A 0.1955
207 N A -0.2920
208 P A -0.1769
209 L A 0.1854
210 G A -0.7474
211 V A 0.0000
212 D A -2.1512
213 R A -1.8936
214 E A -2.4631
215 L A -2.1530
216 L A 0.0000
217 R A -2.1380
218 A A -1.7967
219 E A -2.3544
220 L A 0.0000
221 N A -1.9216
222 F A 0.0000
223 G A -1.1627
224 A A -0.5794
225 I A 0.3878
226 T A 0.7072
227 L A 1.2997
228 N A 0.1319
229 S A 0.1407
230 M A 0.1331
231 D A -1.3005
232 A A 0.0000
233 T A 0.0000
234 S A -0.9029
235 E A -1.4493
236 R A 0.0000
237 D A -2.1198
238 F A 0.0000
239 V A 0.0000
240 A A -0.6169
241 E A -1.0632
242 F A 0.0000
243 L A 0.0000
244 F A 0.9170
245 W A 0.0000
246 R A 0.0000
247 S A 0.0000
248 L A 0.9324
249 C A 0.0000
250 M A 0.0000
251 T A -0.5433
252 H A -1.0400
253 L A 0.0000
254 S A -2.0377
255 R A -2.7920
256 M A 0.0000
257 A A 0.0000
258 E A -2.6545
259 D A 0.0000
260 L A 0.0000
261 I A 0.0000
262 L A -0.5173
263 Y A 0.0000
264 C A 0.0000
265 T A 0.0000
266 K A -2.2263
267 E A -1.1629
268 F A 0.0000
269 S A -1.1731
270 F A 0.0000
271 V A 0.0000
272 Q A -1.9033
273 L A 0.0000
274 S A -1.5144
275 D A -2.1273
276 A A -0.9156
277 Y A -0.9823
278 S A -1.7880
279 T A -1.5978
280 G A -1.9658
281 S A -1.0653
282 S A -0.8446
283 L A 0.0000
284 M A -1.1928
285 P A -1.3904
286 R A -2.7916
287 K A -2.2864
288 K A -2.9000
289 N A 0.0000
290 P A 0.0000
291 D A -1.9730
292 S A 0.0000
293 L A 0.0000
294 E A -1.5125
295 L A -0.4008
296 I A 0.0000
297 R A -2.2938
298 S A -1.3282
299 K A -1.4983
300 A A -1.0792
301 G A -1.6491
302 R A -2.4479
303 V A 0.0000
304 F A -0.1055
305 G A -1.1916
306 R A -1.1483
307 C A 0.0000
308 A A -0.1047
309 G A -0.4392
310 L A 0.0000
311 L A 0.1483
312 M A 0.1932
313 T A -0.3908
314 L A -0.3800
315 K A -0.3445
316 G A -0.5058
317 L A -0.2047
318 P A -0.2636
319 S A -0.2586
320 T A 0.0683
321 Y A -0.1590
322 N A -1.2887
323 K A -2.6709
324 D A -2.3112
325 L A 0.0000
326 Q A -2.3798
327 E A -2.8229
328 D A 0.0000
329 K A 0.0000
330 E A -1.7212
331 A A 0.0000
332 V A 0.0000
333 F A -0.9655
334 E A -1.5174
335 V A 0.0000
336 S A 0.0000
337 D A -1.8859
338 T A -1.2850
339 M A 0.0000
340 S A -0.8288
341 A A -0.6838
342 V A 0.0000
343 L A 0.0000
344 Q A -1.1371
345 V A -0.1368
346 A A 0.0000
347 T A -0.9012
348 G A -0.2918
349 V A 0.0000
350 I A 0.0000
351 S A -0.6759
352 T A -0.7355
353 L A 0.0000
354 Q A -1.7359
355 I A -1.4532
356 H A -2.0008
357 Q A -2.6781
358 E A -2.9923
359 N A -2.2164
360 M A 0.0000
361 G A -1.7202
362 Q A -2.0835
363 A A 0.0000
364 L A -0.4258
365 S A -0.4529
366 P A -0.5793
367 D A -0.6316
368 M A 0.0000
369 L A 0.0000
370 A A 0.0000
371 T A -0.0895
372 D A 0.0000
373 L A 0.0000
374 A A 0.0000
375 Y A 0.0860
376 Y A 0.0000
377 L A 0.0000
378 V A -0.5890
379 R A -1.7775
380 K A -1.5887
381 G A -0.8470
382 M A -0.5094
383 P A -0.3571
384 F A 0.2643
385 R A -1.8396
386 Q A -1.7617
387 A A 0.0000
388 H A -1.7143
389 E A -2.8006
390 A A 0.0000
391 S A 0.0000
392 G A -1.0708
393 K A -1.4101
394 A A 0.0000
395 V A 0.0000
396 F A 0.5011
397 M A -0.3836
398 A A 0.0000
399 E A -1.8150
400 T A -1.2837
401 K A -2.1984
402 G A -1.5785
403 V A -1.1360
404 A A -1.1955
405 L A 0.0000
406 N A -1.3195
407 Q A -1.7330
408 L A 0.0000
409 S A -0.6855
410 L A -0.4009
411 Q A -1.3990
412 E A -0.9222
413 L A 0.0000
414 Q A -0.9484
415 T A -0.7420
416 I A -0.5996
417 S A 0.0000
418 P A -0.3580
419 L A -0.1405
420 F A 0.0000
421 S A -0.4282
422 G A -0.3908
423 D A -0.5206
424 V A 0.0000
425 I A 1.5736
426 C A 0.4881
427 V A 0.0000
428 W A -0.1889
429 D A -0.6625
430 Y A -1.0474
431 R A -2.6223
432 H A -1.7249
433 S A 0.0000
434 V A 0.0000
435 E A -1.7710
436 Q A -1.0242
437 Y A -0.2104
438 G A -0.3909
439 A A 0.5214
440 L A 1.3634
441 G A 0.2662
442 G A -0.1265
443 T A 0.0000
444 A A 0.0000
445 R A -2.9372
446 S A -1.2558
447 S A 0.0000
448 V A 0.0000
449 D A -1.9790
450 W A -1.0299
451 Q A -1.4763
452 I A 0.0000
453 R A -2.9204
454 Q A -2.0595
455 V A 0.0000
456 R A -3.3453
457 A A -1.7876
458 L A -1.2934
459 L A 0.0000
460 Q A -1.7946
461 A A -0.8855
462 Q A -0.9684
463 Q A -1.0710
464 A A -0.6040
6 G B -0.6045
7 K B -0.8618
8 L B 1.0182
9 W B 0.7096
10 G B -0.3895
11 G B -0.8594
12 R B -1.0511
13 F B 1.2051
14 V B 1.9259
15 G B 1.0170
16 A B 1.1867
17 V B 2.0224
18 D B 1.0393
19 P B 0.3482
20 I B 1.4424
21 M B 0.9893
22 E B -1.3293
23 K B -1.4807
24 F B 0.7719
25 N B -1.2849
26 A B -1.2517
27 S B -1.1371
28 I B -0.9999
29 A B -0.7480
30 Y B -0.7283
31 D B 0.0000
32 R B -1.6606
33 H B -1.7495
34 L B 0.0000
35 W B -1.4828
36 E B -2.4609
37 V B 0.0000
38 D B 0.0000
39 V B 0.0000
40 Q B -1.6166
41 G B 0.0000
42 S B 0.0000
43 K B -1.5147
44 A B 0.0000
45 Y B 0.0000
46 S B 0.0000
47 R B -2.5358
48 G B 0.0000
49 L B 0.0000
50 E B -2.5054
51 K B -2.6047
52 A B -1.3593
53 G B -1.3253
54 L B -0.4633
55 L B 0.0000
56 T B -1.8542
57 K B -2.9113
58 A B -1.8350
59 E B -1.8565
60 M B 0.0000
61 D B -3.2100
62 Q B -2.1254
63 I B 0.0000
64 L B 0.0000
65 H B -2.3189
66 G B 0.0000
67 L B 0.0000
68 D B -2.4295
69 K B -2.3880
70 V B 0.0000
71 A B -2.2462
72 E B -3.0841
73 E B -2.3174
74 W B 0.0000
75 A B -1.6129
76 Q B -1.9548
77 G B -1.6464
78 T B -1.4291
79 F B 0.0000
80 K B -1.7157
81 L B -1.0652
82 N B -1.4625
83 S B -1.3257
84 N B -1.8383
85 D B 0.0000
86 E B -2.3667
87 D B -1.2328
88 I B 0.0000
89 H B -0.8564
90 T B -1.1146
91 A B 0.0000
92 N B 0.0000
93 E B -1.7072
94 R B -1.8476
95 R B -1.9676
96 L B 0.0000
97 K B -2.4914
98 E B -2.2545
99 L B -1.1994
100 I B -0.9000
101 G B -1.2077
102 A B -0.6643
103 T B -0.7217
104 A B 0.0000
105 G B -1.2453
106 K B -0.9120
107 L B 0.0000
108 H B -0.9339
109 T B -0.4100
110 G B -0.2833
111 R B 0.0000
112 S B -0.5530
113 R B -1.1612
114 N B -0.4329
115 D B 0.0000
116 Q B 0.0000
117 V B -0.2790
118 V B 0.0000
119 T B 0.0000
120 D B 0.0000
121 L B 0.0000
122 R B 0.0000
123 L B 0.0000
124 W B -0.7121
125 M B 0.0000
126 R B -1.4694
127 Q B -1.4278
128 T B -0.9186
129 C B 0.0000
130 S B -0.6379
131 T B -0.3708
132 L B 0.0000
133 S B 0.0000
134 G B -0.6103
135 L B -0.8602
136 L B 0.0000
137 W B -1.4948
138 E B -2.4866
139 L B 0.0000
140 I B 0.0000
141 R B -3.2666
142 T B -2.1179
143 M B 0.0000
144 V B 0.0000
145 D B -2.9904
146 R B -1.8103
147 A B 0.0000
148 E B -2.0189
149 A B -1.3073
150 E B -1.3949
151 R B -1.4611
152 D B -1.6543
153 V B -1.0938
154 L B 0.0000
155 F B 0.0000
156 P B 0.0000
157 G B 0.0005
158 Y B 0.0790
159 T B -0.1441
160 H B -0.8507
161 L B -0.2405
162 Q B 0.0000
163 R B -1.0215
164 A B -0.3130
165 Q B -0.3636
166 P B 0.0000
167 I B -0.0562
168 R B 0.0000
169 W B 0.0000
170 S B 0.0000
171 H B -0.5161
172 W B 0.0000
173 I B 0.0000
174 L B 0.0000
175 S B -0.0508
176 H B 0.0000
177 A B 0.0000
178 V B 0.0882
179 A B -0.5023
180 L B 0.0000
181 T B 0.0000
182 R B -2.3396
183 D B 0.0000
184 S B 0.0000
185 E B -2.6310
186 R B -2.6356
187 L B 0.0000
188 L B -2.2784
189 E B -3.3482
190 V B 0.0000
191 R B -2.9113
192 K B -3.4306
193 R B -3.6509
194 I B 0.0000
195 N B -1.8809
196 V B -0.5895
197 L B 0.0000
198 P B 0.0000
199 L B 0.0000
200 G B 0.0000
201 S B 0.0000
202 G B 0.0000
203 A B 0.3514
204 I B 1.0008
205 A B 0.5164
206 G B 0.0978
207 N B -0.2861
208 P B -0.2107
209 L B 0.1767
210 G B -0.5187
211 V B 0.0000
212 D B -1.7777
213 R B -1.5139
214 E B -2.1450
215 L B -1.8669
216 L B 0.0000
217 R B -1.7440
218 A B -1.6327
219 E B -2.2208
220 L B 0.0000
221 N B -1.8516
222 F B 0.0000
223 G B -1.2197
224 A B -0.5262
225 I B 0.6544
226 T B 0.8056
227 L B 1.3055
228 N B 0.0347
229 S B -0.0061
230 M B 0.0420
231 D B -1.2735
232 A B 0.0000
233 T B 0.0000
234 S B -0.6996
235 E B -1.3914
236 R B 0.0000
237 D B -2.5305
238 F B 0.0000
239 V B 0.0000
240 A B -1.1556
241 E B -2.2096
242 F B 0.0000
243 L B 0.0000
244 F B 0.5450
245 W B 0.0000
246 R B 0.0000
247 S B 0.0000
248 L B 0.9222
249 C B 0.0000
250 M B 0.0000
251 T B -0.5323
252 H B -1.0595
253 L B 0.0000
254 S B -1.9617
255 R B -2.8624
256 M B 0.0000
257 A B 0.0000
258 E B -2.8541
259 D B -1.5430
260 L B 0.0000
261 I B 0.0000
262 L B -0.4775
263 Y B 0.0000
264 C B -0.3272
265 T B 0.0000
266 K B -0.9353
267 E B -0.7356
268 F B 0.0000
269 S B -0.8485
270 F B 0.0000
271 V B 0.0000
272 Q B -1.3168
273 L B 0.0000
274 S B -1.3142
275 D B -1.9687
276 A B -0.7199
277 Y B -0.6520
278 S B -1.3584
279 T B -1.2448
280 G B -1.6474
281 S B -0.8800
282 S B -0.8368
283 L B 0.0000
284 M B 0.0000
285 P B -0.9959
286 R B -2.0326
287 K B 0.0000
288 K B -2.0290
289 N B 0.0000
290 P B 0.0000
291 D B -1.5206
292 S B -0.4086
293 L B 0.0000
294 E B -1.1021
295 L B 0.1227
296 I B 0.0000
297 R B -2.1695
298 S B -1.0260
299 K B -1.2624
300 A B -0.9520
301 G B -1.6226
302 R B -2.5857
303 V B 0.0000
304 F B -0.1025
305 G B -1.0356
306 R B -1.6390
307 C B 0.0000
308 A B 0.0685
309 G B -0.5260
310 L B 0.0000
311 L B 0.0471
312 M B 0.1398
313 T B -0.4268
314 L B -0.3940
315 K B -0.3803
316 G B -0.5266
317 L B -0.2682
318 P B -0.3461
319 S B -0.3581
320 T B -0.0731
321 Y B -0.4226
322 N B -1.5139
323 K B -2.7887
324 D B -2.2290
325 L B 0.0000
326 Q B -2.6768
327 E B -2.9926
328 D B 0.0000
329 K B 0.0000
330 E B -2.7281
331 A B -2.0116
332 V B 0.0000
333 F B -1.6990
334 E B -2.8388
335 V B 0.0000
336 S B 0.0000
337 D B -2.2311
338 T B 0.0000
339 M B 0.0000
340 S B -0.8144
341 A B -0.6723
342 V B 0.0000
343 L B 0.0000
344 Q B -1.1226
345 V B -0.0099
346 A B 0.0000
347 T B -0.8788
348 G B -0.2377
349 V B 0.0000
350 I B 0.0000
351 S B -0.5740
352 T B -0.6632
353 L B 0.0000
354 Q B -1.5748
355 I B 0.0000
356 H B -1.8149
357 Q B -2.6162
358 E B -3.0565
359 N B -2.4014
360 M B 0.0000
361 G B -1.8747
362 Q B -2.1784
363 A B 0.0000
364 L B 0.0000
365 S B -0.6770
366 P B -0.8414
367 D B -1.3394
368 M B 0.0000
369 L B 0.0000
370 A B 0.0000
371 T B -0.2000
372 D B -0.1382
373 L B 0.0000
374 A B 0.0000
375 Y B 0.0708
376 Y B -0.4593
377 L B 0.0000
378 V B -0.7467
379 R B -1.9327
380 K B -1.7430
381 G B -1.1149
382 M B -0.8540
383 P B -0.8624
384 F B -0.6808
385 R B -2.4521
386 Q B -2.3805
387 A B 0.0000
388 H B -1.9053
389 E B -2.9978
390 A B 0.0000
391 S B 0.0000
392 G B 0.0000
393 K B -1.1756
394 A B 0.0000
395 V B 0.0000
396 F B 0.6313
397 M B -0.2170
398 A B 0.0000
399 E B -1.7404
400 T B -1.2538
401 K B -2.0958
402 G B -1.3530
403 V B -0.7604
404 A B -0.9918
405 L B 0.0000
406 N B -0.7984
407 Q B -1.1907
408 L B 0.0000
409 S B -0.6730
410 L B -0.4861
411 Q B -1.4190
412 E B -1.0564
413 L B 0.0000
414 Q B -1.1104
415 T B -0.8310
416 I B -0.7532
417 S B 0.0000
418 P B -0.4481
419 L B -0.1522
420 F B 0.0000
421 S B -0.6610
422 G B -0.6888
423 D B -0.8906
424 V B 0.0000
425 I B 1.3217
426 C B 0.3405
427 V B 0.0000
428 W B -0.0801
429 D B -0.6816
430 Y B -0.9079
431 R B -1.7765
432 H B -1.7006
433 S B 0.0000
434 V B 0.0000
435 E B -1.9966
436 Q B -1.1764
437 Y B -0.2026
438 G B -0.4116
439 A B 0.4517
440 L B 1.4146
441 G B 0.4291
442 G B 0.0732
443 T B 0.0000
444 A B 0.0000
445 R B -1.4533
446 S B -0.5903
447 S B 0.0000
448 V B 0.0000
449 D B -1.0347
450 W B -0.6185
451 Q B 0.0000
452 I B 0.0000
453 R B -2.8468
454 Q B -2.3539
455 V B 0.0000
456 R B -3.4533
457 A B -2.0575
458 L B -1.4941
459 L B 0.0000
460 Q B -2.0137
461 A B -1.0369
462 Q B -1.0881
463 Q B -1.5549
464 A B -0.8096

 

Laboratory of Theory of Biopolymers 2015